Gorilla Glue needs to have the two parts where the glue will be applied to be moistened before gluing, and held in place overnight. Obviously, like any glue, you cannot glue two parts together that will undergo stress, and parts that are not porous.
I used it to re-glue a clay flowerpot back together that shattered into about 60 pieces and then used a hobby knife to scrape off the foam "overspray" and rubbed a scrap piece of clay into the glue marks and although it's obvious it's been reglued, it holds together nicely and has had about 60 lbs of dirt in it for over a year and not had any issues.
I don't see any need that would arise where you would have to get into the inside of the handle so I'd just glue the rubber on there. Look for a glue that can bond to nonporus surfaces like polished metal, and also that will not eat away rubber. I know your off the shelf superglue can eat through rubber due to the chemical composition of it.
I am not sure if it will work with this, but with some types of rubber you can just heat it up in a bowl of water in the microwave for a few seconds and it will shrink a bit, which you can slide it back onto the handle no glue needed. It would be worth looking into if nothing else works.