@cuffs054
The answer to your question is not an easy yes or no...
If you are using a Bagged Upright vacuum, you might find after sucking up more than a few tablespoons of baking soda, a loss of suction due to the bag pores being filled by the soda. So I recommend if you do vacuum it up with a bagged upright to change the bag afterward.
If you are using a bagless vacuum, you might find some or a lot of the baking soda in the sponge primary filter or HEPA filter if located inside the bin. Especially in a Shark bagless, I find after cleaning dusty or powdery dirt that I need to rinse the foam filters afterward. So common sense applies and just check your filters carefully (If they are white filters it might be difficult to see the white baking powder) so just tap it against the trash can to see if it’s dusty.
Definitely listen to broomvac’s advice and NEVER use a Dyson Cinetic vacuum to suck up any Baking Soda, Drywall Dust or anything similar like Baby Powder, etc.. unless it’s just a few tablespoons. If Dyson puts in on a label, on the vacuum (which they do) it is important to follow that or you might void your warranty and have a internal motor filter clogged with the dust.
One last bit of advice, if your “modern upright” vacuum is an inexpensive bagless vacuum, you might see baking soda being blown back into the room air.. the cheaper bagless vacuums that are not totally sealed vacuums have been known to shoot the baking soda type powders right through the machine and back into the room. Think older Shop Vac type vacuums that blow a cloud of dust everywhere.
If in doubt, call the vacuum manufacturer or check their website before vacuuming up non-typical household dirt or pet hair. Thanks and I hope this helps.
Patrick