If the vacuum is running normally and not making any odors, sparks, or abnormal noises, I would assume it's drawing too many amps for your household current and you're getting an overload trip.
I have a house from 1953, and the breaker panel is overloaded with way too many items on one circuit due to a half-assed renovation in the late 1970's by DIY backyard handymen. It's half 1950's 12 gauge asbestos-coated romex wire, and half 1970's 12 gauge rubber-sheathed nonmetallic wire.
In my basement if I use a modern vacuum that is too high-powered in terms of wattage, it will blow the breaker within 5 minutes. Used to have a Eureka The Boss World Vac back in the 90's that could not be used down there at all, because it would trip the breaker within 30 seconds of use because it was so powerful.
My Electrolux Olympia that I have does fine if, and only if, I keep the blower door closed. As soon as I open the blower door, boom, power goes out. If I use an older vacuum like a Hoover Convertible or a Eureka ESP, then I can run it all day long and never have any issue.
Also the outlets you speak about are called GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) outlets. They are designed to trip immediately in the event of a power fault (overload, short circuit, et cetera), whereas your conventional breaker would need to wait until the voltage got to a certain overload rating before tripping the breaker.
What's the power output ratings between the two vacuums (wattage/amps)? How old is your house and do you know if it was ever rewired in the past? Those two things likely play a part in it.